THEODOSIUS II 425AD Ancient Roman Coin Cross within wreath of success i32871

Description: Item: i32871 Authentic Ancient Coin of: Theodosius II - Roman Emperor: 408-450 A.D. - Bronze AE4 13mm (1.54 grams) Struck circa 425-435 A.D. DN THEODOSIVS PF AVG, pearl diademed, draped, cuirassed bust right No legend, cross within wreath. You are bidding on the exact item pictured, provided with a Certificate of Authenticity and Lifetime Guarantee of Authenticity. A laurel wreath is a circular wreath made of interlocking branches and leaves of the bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), an aromatic broadleaf evergreen, or later from spineless butcher's broom (Ruscus hypoglossum) or cherry laurel (Prunus laurocerasus). In Greek mythology , Apollo is represented wearing a laurel wreath on his head. In ancient Greece wreaths were awarded to victors, both in athletic competitions, including the ancient Olympics made of wild olive-tree known as "kotinos" (κότινος),[1] (sc. at Olympia ) and in poetic meets; in Rome they were symbols of martial victory, crowning a successful commander during his triumph . Whereas ancient laurel wreaths are most often depicted as a horseshoe shape, modern versions are usually complete rings. In common modern idiomatic usage it refers to a victory. The expression "resting on one's laurels" refers to someone relying entirely on long-past successes for continued fame or recognition, where to "look to one's laurels" means to be careful of losing rank to competition. Academic use Ovid with laurel wreath, common in poets. In some countries the laurel wreath is used as symbol of the master's degree . The wreath is given to young masters in the graduation ceremony of the university. The word "Laureate" in 'poet laureate' refers to being signified by the laurel wreath. The medieval Florentine poet and philosopher Dante Alighieri ,[dubious – discuss ] a graduate of the Sicilian School , is often represented in paintings and sculpture wearing a laurel wreath. Laureato is the term used in Italy to refer to any graduated student. In some italian regions (Veneto, Friuli-Venezia Giulia and Trentino ), right after the graduation ceremony (in Italian: laurea), the student receives a laurel wreath and is allowed to wear it for the rest of the day. This tradition was born in the University of Padua and since the end of the 19th century is common to all northeastern Italian universities. At Connecticut College in the United States, members of the junior class carry a laurel chain , which the seniors pass through during commencement. It represents nature and the continuation of life from year to year. Immediately following commencement, the junior girls write out with the laurels their class year, symbolizing they have officially become seniors and the cycle will repeat itself the following spring. At Mount Holyoke College in South Hadley, Massachusetts , United States, laurel has been a fixture of commencement traditions since 1900, when graduating students carried or wore laurel wreaths. In 1902, the chain of mountain laurel was introduced; since then, tradition has been for seniors to march across campus, carrying and linked by the chain. The mountain laurel represents the bay laurel used by the Romans in wreaths and crowns of honor.[4] At Reed College in Portland, Oregon , United States, members of the senior class receive laurel wreaths upon submitting their senior thesis in May. The tradition stems from the use of laurel wreaths in athletic competitions; the seniors have "crossed the finish line," so to speak. At St. Mark's School in Southborough, Massachusetts , students who successfully complete three years of one classical language and two of the other earn the distinction of the Classics Diploma and the honor of wearing a laurel wreath on Prize Day. In Sweden , those receiving a Doctorate or an Honorary Doctorate at the Faculty of Philosophy (meaning Philosophy, Languages, Arts, History and Social Sciences), receive a laurel wreath during the ceremony of conferral of the degree. Architectural and decorative arts motif Alexander Garden Grille "Victory, A Knight Being Crowned With A Laurel Wreath" by Frank Dicksee . The laurel wreath is a common motif in architecture , furniture , and textiles . The laurel wreath is seen carved in the stone and decorative plaster works of Robert Adam , and in Federal , Regency , Directoire , and Beaux-Arts periods of architecture. In decorative arts, especially during the Empire period , the laurel wreath is seen woven in textiles, inlaid in marquetry, and applied to furniture in the form of gilded brass mounts. Alfa Romeo added a laurel wreath to their logo after they won the inaugural Automobile World Championship in 1925 with the P2 racing car. Theodosius II (10 April 401 – July 28 , 450), called the Calligrapher , was a Eastern Roman Emperor (408-450). He is mostly known for promulgating the Theodosian law code as well for the Theodosian Walls of Constantinople . He also presided over the outbreak of two great christological controversies . Setting a record for longest-reigning Roman emperor at 48 years (equivalent to a dozen U.S. Presidential terms!), Theodosius II set remarkably few other records in all this time. He was the last emperor to rule both east and west halves, albeit briefly, after the death of Honorius and before the puppet emperor Johannes came onto the scene. As for his own achievements, he wasn't much more than a figurehead esconced in his palace. His sister Pulcheria took the active role in steering the empire. He died a few days after a hunting accident. Life Theodosius was born in 401 as the only son of Emperor Arcadius and his Frankish-born wife Aelia Eudoxia . In 408, his father died and the seven-year-old boy became Emperor of the Eastern parts of the Roman Empire. Government was at first by the Praetorian Prefect Anthemius , under whose supervision that the Theodosian land walls of Constantinople were constructed. In 414, Theodosius' older sister Pulcheria was proclaimed Augusta and assumed the regency. By 416 Theodosius was capable of ruling himself, but his sister remained a strong influence on him. She also assisted her brother in procuring marriage to the Athenian Aelia Eudocia in June 421. The two had a daughter named Licinia Eudoxia . Theodosius' increasing interest in Christianity, fuelled by the influence of Pulcheria, had him start a war against the Sassanids (421-422), who were persecuting Christians; the war ended in a draw, when the Romans were forced to accept peace as the Huns menaced Constantinople .[1] In 423, the Western Emperor Honorius , Theodosius' uncle, died and the primicerius notariorum Joannes was proclaimed Emperor. Honorius' sister Galla Placidia and her young son Valentinian fled to Constantinople to seek Eastern assistance and after some deliberation in 424 Theodosius opened the war against Joannes. In May 425, Valentinian III was installed as Emperor of the West, with his mother acting as regent. To strengthen the ties between the two parts of the Empire, Theodosius' daughter Licinia Eudoxia was betrothed to Valentinian. University and Law Code In 425, Theodosius founded the University of Constantinople with 31 chairs (15 in Latin and 16 in Greek). Among subjects were law, philosophy, medicine, arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, music and rhetoric. In 429, Theodosius appointed a commission to collect all of the laws since the reign of Constantine I , and create a fully formalized system of law. This plan was left unfinished, but the work of a second commission that met in Constantinople, assigned to collect all of the general legislations and bring them up to date was completed, and their collection published as the Codex Theodosianus in 438. The law code of Theodosius II, summarizing edicts promulgated since Constantine, formed a basis for the law code of Emperor Justinian I in the following century. Wars with the Huns, Vandals and Persians The Eastern Empire was also plagued by short raiding attacks by the Huns . The Huns arrived at Athyra (Büyükçekmece) in 447, but an agreement was reached with the Eastern Roman empire , negotiated by Anatolius . The Emperor chose to pay tribute which amounted to 350 Roman pounds (ca. 114.5 kg) of gold until 435 and 700 Roman pounds after that. When Roman Africa fell to the Vandals in 439, both Eastern and Western Emperors sent forces to Sicily , to launch an attack at the Vandals at Carthage, but this project failed. Seeing the imperial borders without significant forces, the Huns and Sassanid Persia declared war. During 443 two Roman armies were defeated and destroyed by the Huns. In the subsequent peace agreement Roman tribute was tripled to 2,100 Roman pounds (ca. 687 kg) in gold after which the Huns withdrew into the interior of their empire. The war with Persia on the other hand proved indecisive, and a peace was arranged in 422 without changes to the status quo. Theological disputes During a visit to Syria, Theodosius met the preacher Nestorius and appointed him Patriarch of Constantinople in 428. Nestorius quickly became involved in the disputes of two theological factions, which differed in their Christology . Nestorius tried to find a middle ground between those that, emphasizing the fact that in Christ God had been born as a man, insisted on calling the Virgin Mary Theotokos ("birth-giver of God"), and those that rejected that title because God as an eternal being could not have been born. Nestorius suggested the title Christotokos ("birth-giver to Christ"), but did not find acceptance by either faction and was accused of detaching Christ's divine and human natures from each other, a heresy later called Nestorianism . Though initially supported by the Emperor, Nestorius found a forceful opponent in Patriarch Cyril of Alexandria . With the consent of the Emperor and Pope Celestine I , an Ecumenical Council convened in Ephesus in 431, which affirmed the title Theotokos and condemned Nestorius, who was then exiled by the Emperor. Almost twenty years later, the theological dispute broke out again, this time caused by the Constantinopolitan abbot Eutyches , whose Christology was understood by some to mingle Christ's divine and human nature into one. Eutyches was condemned by Patriarch Flavian of Constantinople but found a powerful friend in Cyril's successor Dioscurus of Alexandria . Another council convoked to Ephesus in 449, deemed "robber synod" because of its tumultuous circumstances, restored Eutyches and deposed Flavian, who was mistreated and died shortly afterwards. Pope Leo I of Rome and many other bishops protested against the outcome, but the Emperor supported it. Only after his death in 450 would the decisions be reversed at the Council of Chalcedon . Death Theodosius died in 450 as the result of a riding accident. In the ensuing power struggle, his sister Pulcheria , who had recently returned to court, won out against the eunuch Chrysaphius . 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Price: 62.5 USD

Location: Rego Park, New York

End Time: 2025-01-10T15:08:34.000Z

Shipping Cost: 4.5 USD